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Glossary

The glossary explains some of the words used across this website and covers some key cancer and research terms, which primarily focus on lung cancer.

Computer-aided detection (CADe)

A class of computer systems used to support healthcare professionals to evaluate medical images of an individual undergoing screening. CADe systems can locate and interpret potential nodules to indicate whether they may be cancerous. If the system concludes that a scan may be positive for lung cancer, the person will be referred for a follow-up.^13-15 See also ‘Artificial intelligence’, ‘Computer-aided diagnosis’, ‘Early detection’, ‘False positive’ and ‘Nodule’

Computer-aided diagnosis (CADx)

A class of computer systems that provide a ‘second opinion’ on a medical imaging procedure. CADx systems are used after a person has received a positive screening result and is attending a follow-up appointment, or when they first seek medical care for potential symptoms of lung cancer.^13-15 See also ‘Artificial intelligence’, ‘Computer-aided detection’, ‘Early diagnosis’, ‘False positive’ and ‘Nodule’

Community-based healthcare professional

A healthcare professional who provides care outside of traditional medical settings such as hospitals and doctors surgeries. This can include home care, mobile health clinics and targeted outreach at communal-living facilities.¹⁶

Co-payment

A fixed amount of money a person is required to pay towards a health insurance claim.¹⁷ See also ‘out-of-pocket costs’.

Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)

CEA studies are a type of economic evaluation that aid decision-makers in understanding how to allocate resources for health services. They model potential costs of implementing an intervention (e.g. lung cancer screening) or a new treatment for lung cancer against evidence of potential benefits (e.g. the number of quality-adjusted life years gained) and forecast overall change over a long period of time.¹⁸ See also ‘Health technology assessment’ and ‘Quality-adjusted life year (QALY)’

Cost-effectiveness model

A type of analytical tool used in health economics to evaluate and compare the costs and health outcomes of different interventions or treatments. There are various types of models – such as decision trees, Markov models and simulation models – each designed to assess different factors depending on the context and complexity of the healthcare decision.

Clinical trials

Clinical trials are formal studies conducted in humans to evaluate the impact of an intervention, for example, lung cancer screening.¹⁹ Clinical trials are used to compare a new approach to one that is already in use or to no intervention. See also ‘Randomised controlled trial’

References

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Global Lung Cancer Coalition. 2022. Glossary. Available from: https://www.lungcancercoalition.org/e-atlas/glossary.php [Accessed 04/03/22]
NHS England and NHS Improvement. 2022. Demand and capacity – a comprehensive guide. London, England: NHS
National Human Genome Research Institute. Carcinogen. Available from: https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Carcinogen# [Accessed 08/04/22]
Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2023. Cardiothoracic Surgery. Available from: https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/news-and-events/media-centre/media-background-briefings-and-statistics/cardiothoracic-surgery/ [Accessed 04/08/2023]
Centre for Policy on Ageing. The effectiveness of care pathways in health and social care. [Updated 01/05/14]. Available from: http://www.cpa.org.uk/information/reviews/CPA-Rapid-Review-Effectiveness-of-care-pathways.pdf [Accessed 27/04/22]
RadiologyInfo.org. Chest X-ray (Radiography) [Updated 15/06/2020]. Available from: https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/chestrad [Accessed 04/03/22]
Center for Disease Control. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). [Updated 22/02/2021]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/copd/index.html [Accessed 04/03/2022]
International Advanced Practice Nursing. 2023. What is an Advanced Practice Nurse? Available from: https://internationalapn.org/what-is-an-apn/ [Accessed 10/08/2023]
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NHS. CT scan. [Updated 18/08/21]. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ct-scan/ [Accessed 30/03/22]
Choi HK, Wang X, Mazzone PJ. 2020. Artificial intelligence as a diagnostic tool for lung nodule evaluation. Journal of Medical Artificial Intelligence 3: 16
Oudkerk M, Liu S, Heuvelmans M, et al. 2020. Lung cancer LDCT screening and mortality reduction — evidence, pitfalls and future perspectives. Nature Reviews: Clinical Oncology: 10.1038/s41571-020-00432-6:
Firmino M, Angelo G, Morais H, et al. 2016. Computer-aided detection (CADe) and diagnosis (CADx) system for lung cancer with likelihood of malignancy. BioMedical Engineering OnLine 15(1): 2
Social Care Institute for Excellence. 2023. Integrated care research and practice. Available from: https://www.scie.org.uk/integrated-care/research-practice/activities/community-based-integrated-services [Accessed 04/07/2023]
Merriam-Webster. 2020. Co-payment. Available from: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/co-payment [Accessed 10/08/2023]
Sanders GD, Maciejewski ML, Basu A. 2019. Overview of cost-effectiveness analysis. Jama Guide to Statistics and Methods 321(14): 1400-01
National Institute on Aging. What are clinical trials and studies? [Updated 09/04/20]. Available from: https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-are-clinical-trials-and-studies [Accessed 30/03/22]